Fruit content of fruit juice and apple juice content of cider using Literature review

Organic product substance of natural product juice and squeezed apple substance of juice utilizing DNA philosophy - Literature survey Example For example, orange (Citrus sinensis) juice is more sought after and in this manner have a higher incentive than mandarin (C. reticulata) squeeze however both have a place with the Citrus species. Organic product assortments are subjectively reviewed utilizing characters, for example, creation and nature of syrup and this also has an immense effect in costs. In this way, particularly in mass-scale organic product juice creation, the makers might be enticed to contaminate exceptionally valued items with a more affordable choice to build the item volume and along these lines increase better benefits. Such corruption might be through weakening with water, sugars, high fructose corn syrup, spent procedure water and expansion of juices from more affordable natural product assortments (similarly as with squeezed orange weakening with mandarin). Confirmation is a significant issue in food industry and it is fundamental to furnish the buyer with right data about the substance of an item. Foo d naming and discernibility are managed by EU mandate 2000/13/EC and its corrections and by EU regulative 178/2002 individually (Commission Regulation (EC) No 13/2000 and Commission Regulation (EC) No 178/2002). ... antitatively just as subjectively and decide the real fixings in an item to secure high caliber of food items and in this way affirm buyer rights. 2. Recognition strategies utilized in natural product juice industry In organic product juice industry, numerous advancements have being utilized to distinguish structure of an item. Before, Analysis of all out nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) and potassium (K) was rehearsed to evaluate organic product substance of (eg. squeezed orange) yet, this strategy could be applied just when levels of these segments are very much archived. Henceforth it was clear that different strategies were out of luck and thus minerals, natural acids (citrus extract, malic corrosive), amino acids and sugars (glucose, fructose and sucrose) were broke down. During past years, appraisal of food items has been directed utilizing spectroscopy (UV, NIR, MIR), isotopic investigation, techniques dependent on chromatography (High weight fluid chromatography (HPLC), LC, TLC, GC MC and LC MS), electronic nose, immunological strategies, for example, ELIZA and warm examination (Reid, O’Donnell and Downey, 2006). Paper chromatography and HPLC has been utilized in recognizing sugars and acids, Gas fluid chromatography (GLC) and electrophoresis for amino acids and substance investigation for causticity are a few models for these applications. Of late, as announced by Li, Goovaerts and Meurens (1996), Near-infrared spectroscopy (close IR) was utilized to distinguish sugars (glucose, sucrose, fructose) and acids (citrus and malic acids) in squeezed orange. Every one of these techniques has their own favorable circumstances just as constraints and consequently, more refine and progressively delicate innovations were in consistent interest. Anthocyanin color examination with HPLC and electrospray mass spectroscopy (ESMS), stable isotopic carbon investigations, NMR spectroscopy and examination of follow

Environment issue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Condition issue - Essay Example They have different exceptional properties because of which individuals incline toward utilizing them when contrasted with paper sacks. Their creation is less expensive. These are light weight, simple to heft around, cost-proficient and strong, and the customer as such doesn't perceive any mischief utilizing them in pressing their stuff. We use them during our shopping binge. We put eatables in them and put them in our coolers. We store things in them with the goal that they stay alright for quite a long time. We line our restroom canisters with them. Plastic packs are all over our condition. We see plastic sacks blowing around on lanes and in the waters. We see them bunched together at a spot obstructing the sewage lines. Furthermore, we see individuals gathering their litter in the plastic packs and tossing them in trash jars. 3. Issues with the use of Plastic Bags 3.1. Harm to the Environment Often, we see somebody gathering plastic sacks and consuming them. Be that as it may, do they vanish? No, and this is what is the most serious issue with these plastic sacks. They don't vanish and they can't be reused into something different. They are comprised of polyethylene which is a non-degradable material and just changes its shape when consumed however doesn't change its structure. It is accepted that a plastic pack takes a huge number of years to rot totally. In this way, it keeps on being available in our environmental factors as a changeless issue. The hitch really emerges when individuals don't discard the plastic sacks appropriately. This will be this unscrupulous removal that turns into the genuine difficulty for nature. â€Å"6.9 billion bags† are utilized on the planet consistently, and nearly â€Å"30 million† of them wind up bunching at dumpsites every year (James and Grant 2005:1). The stylish perspective on the environmental factors likewise gets ruined. 3.2. Air Pollution Burning them at dumpsites dispenses with perilous synthetic subs tances, for example, dioxins and furans, which get breathed in by individuals accordingly harming their wellbeing. Since these synthetics are harmful, they present dangers to the human body and offer ascent to sicknesses coming about because of air contamination. Dioxins and furans are synthetic substances which are accepted to demolish the virtue of air and this reality is globally acknowledged. 3.3. Risks for Sea Life With increment in the utilization of plastic sacks, the marine condition is being compelled to acknowledge expanded amounts of plastic flotsam and jetsam. At the point when the pre-owned plastic sacks get bunched over waterways and oceans, they become a peril for marine well evolved creatures, fish, seabirds, scavangers and turtles that ingest them or get entrapped, and afterward bite the dust in light of suffocation. â€Å"Ingested plastics may square stomach related tracts, harm stomach linings, or diminish taking care of drives† (Laist 2006:319). 3.4. Suffo cation Plastic sacks have likewise been found of being answerable for taking existences of numerous babies who put them on their countenances and inside their mouths or nostrils, and may bite the dust of suffocation since plastic packs are water/air proof. 3.5. Blockage of Drainage System Plastic packs can likewise hinder the seepage framework which harms sanitation. Grimy water begins overflowing out of the channels in the city and into the houses in urban areas where waste framework is as of now not appropriately executed. Flies and mosquitoes breed in this water and afterward they bring soil onto the eatables which when processed by individuals makes them sick with illnesses like cholera, typhoid, looseness of the bowels, and

Impacts of Social Media Marketing Essay

With the development of web based internet based life it has caused it workable for individuals to speak with a large number of others around the globe about items and the organizations that give these merchandise and ventures to them. In like manner, the effect of purchaser to shopper correspondences has been enormously elevated inside the commercial center. Numerous individuals would contend that web based life is a half and half component for advancing an organization and its items, taking into account that in the conventional sense it permits organizations to talk legitimately to their clients, while from a nontraditional perspective it empowers clients to talk straightforwardly to each other. The data, timing, and volume of online networking based discussions that happen between shoppers are outside of a managers’ direct control. This conflicts with any customary coordinated advertising correspondences where there is a high feeling of control from the administrator. Subsequently, it is the managers’ obligation to figure out how to shape a customers conversation in a way that is predictable with their associations statement of purpose and execution objectives (Kerin, Hartley and Rudelius, 2009). Conventional Marketing Conventional promoting methods include standard mail, public exhibitions, TV, radio telecom and get-togethers which are still extremely predominant are still intensely utilized by numerous organizations around the globe to advertise items and the administrations offered by their organizations. Promoting through TV gives organizations mass presentation to a wide exhibit of people with a mass message. Numerous organizations don’t understand that TV can regularly be one of the most financially savvy types of promoting. The benefits of TV are that it has everything expected to grab the eye of your anticipated crowd: sound and visual. Network based TV slots which are frequently searching for sponsors and are all the more ready to suit promoters due to a less unbending calendar. Papers and classifieds are getting progressively well known and is an incredible method to target customers at a sensible expense. The business directory have gotten a typical for organizations who need to f ind their particular business needs. Another path for organizations to showcase is with handouts, these are an incredible method of publicizing a business. Contingent upon the sort of business, handouts can be very helpful. For a business that is in the business of movement or the travel industry, pamphlets are an unquestionable requirement, and there are large numbers of spots where they can be shown for clients to see. On the off chance that a business is in an alternate kind of industry it might be somewhat more hard to track down areas to show leaflets, but to utilize them in mail drops, as gifts at public exhibitions and shows, or for a post office based mail out to potential clients. On the off chance that an organization is a maker or provider, it should give their leaflets to a conveyance arrange. Leaflets are an extraordinary method to showcase, however an organization should ensure they are a savvy utilization of your time and speculation, and if an organization is going to create handouts, they should know early how and where they will disperse them. Online networking Marketing Online networking advertising speaks to ease devices that are utilized to join innovation and social cooperation with the utilization of words. These are normally web based. Online networking gives advertisers a voice and permits them to speak with their present clients and potential clients. Organizations can customize their image and it gives them an approach to spread their message in a loose and conversational manner. Numerous individuals used to think Facebook was only for teenagers and youthful grown-ups. Organizations didn't see a lot of significant worth for the online life website. That is all gradually evolving however. A few organizations are utilizing Facebook to showcase their items and are seeing incredible achievement. Consider the accompanying insights gave between September 2008 and February 2009 the quantity of Facebook clients between the ages of thirty five and forty four expanded by 51%, client among the ages 45-54 hopped up 47 % and client ages 26-34 expanded by 26 % all the more then 50% of Facebooks 140 million clients are out of school. Obviously, internet based life is not, at this point only for the understudy. Facebook is utilized as an advertising device since it is anything but difficult to increase new customers, advance new items and administrations while offing arrangements and deals and keeping in contact with your clients (Zarrella , 2009). Web based life can be utilized to give a character to the items and administrations that an organization brings to the table. It can likewise make connections utilizing internet based life with individuals who may not in any case think about a company’s items or administrations or what our organizations speaks to. In the event that an organization needs new clients and hold their present ones they should build up a decent relationship. Web based life can be utilized to connect one’s self with their companions, which could be serving a similar objective market. It could likewise be utilized to impart and furnish an association with the buyers an organization is searching for. End There are numerous focal points to utilizing online networking as a showcasing device for an organization. Anyway an organization can't simply rely upon web based life alone to advertise their organization, they should incorporate it with different vehicles of showcasing. While online networking can make mindfulness for an organization, it may not be the correct type of publicizing for an organization. Organizations must be steady with any type of showcasing that it decides to utilize. The job that web based life plays in the showcasing of an organization is to utilize it as a specialized apparatus that permits an organization access to those intrigued by their item and makes the organization obvious to the individuals who don't have the foggiest idea what administrations and items a specific organization brings to the table. It very well may be utilized as an instrument to make a character behind a company’s mark and make connections that in any case may never have occurred. Online networking can't just make rehash purchasers for organizations, yet in addition client dependability. The way that web based life is so enhanced and it very well may be utilized in a few distinct manners, ways that best suit the premium and the necessities of an organization shows that it is a decent wellspring of promoting for any business (McAdams, Neslund and Zucker, 2008). The type of promoting that an organization utilizes truly comes down to what sort of crowd the organization is attempting to draw in and what they can at last bear to spend on adverting and showcasing for the organization. Any of the advertising procedures work an organization simply must be steady with the structure they decide to utilize. Web based life advertising is the method of things to come and isn't going to leave at any point in the near future. References Zarrella , D. (2009). The online networking promoting book. Kerin, R. A., Hartley, S. W., and Rudelius, W. (2009). Showcasing. (9 ed.). McGraw-Hill/Irwin McAdams, T., Neslund, N., and Zucker, K. D. (2008). Law, business, and society. (Ninth ed.). McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

Understanding My Social Location and Experiences Essay -- Personal Exp

The crossing point of prevailing belief systems of race, class, and sex are significant in molding my social area and encounters. By practicing my sociological creative mind (Mills, 1959), I will contend how my social area as an Asian American lady with a common laborers foundation has worked independently and together to impact how I carry on, how others treat and view me, and how I comprehend the world. The sociological creative mind has permitted me to comprehend my own â€Å"biography†, or educational encounters by comprehension the â€Å"history†, or bigger social structures in which I experienced childhood in (Mills, 1959). To start with, I will portray my family’s segment qualities corresponding to California and the United States to place my examination into setting. I will at that point talk about how my impression of life openings have been molded by the Asian-American model minority fantasy. At that point, I will contend how my common laborers area has affected my connections in institutional settings and my center/high society peers. Third, I will talk about how sex imbalances in the work environment and the ideological convergence of my race and sexual orientation as an Asian-American lady have molded my encounters with men. I will utilize Takaki’s (1999) ideas of model minority fantasy and American personality, Race; The Power of an Illusion (2003), Espiritu’s (2001) ideological bigotry, People Like Us: Social Class in America (1999) and Langston’s (2001) meaning of class to help my contention. Before I examine how my social area has impacted my encounters, I have to discuss my family’s segment attributes in contrast with our locale and the bigger U.S. society: In my old neighborhood, Asians make up the third biggest racial gathering (23%). Whites make up 51.3% and H... ...ding white, male prevalence. Back in secondary school, I dated a non-Asian male from my group who regularly discussed how Asian ladies are â€Å"hot and sexy† yet â€Å"more dedicated to men and less forceful than White women.† At the time, I thought this was a commendation and I frequently attempted to adjust to this generalization so as to fulfill my accomplice. Pictures of Asian-American ladies as both blameless and perilous have legitimized any bigot and chauvinist strategies coordinated at Asians and ladies. Works Cited Individuals Like Us: Social Class in America http://www.pbs.org/program/human like-us/ Race; The Power of an Illusion (2003) http://www.pbs.org/race/000_General/000_00-Home.htm Takaki, R. (1999). The fantasy of the â€Å"model minority.† In D. M. Newman (Ed.), Sociology: Investigating the design of regular daily existence: Readings (pp. 255-259). Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge

Internal Control System Checklist

Inner Control System Checklist ACC/544 Monday December 03, 2010 Dr. YouKnew Abstract Internal control frameworks are purposed to help in dealing with a variety of dangers, while observing the honesty and unwavering quality of operational and monetary information. Inside control frameworks guarantee the proactively of reviews, simultaneously as serving to guarantee that strategies and techniques are implemented to ensure the company’s monetary data, constraining bookkeeping errors and extortion. The accompanying agenda is a device to guarantee that the targets of inner control frameworks are met. Inner Control System ChecklistEthical Governance and Standards Ethical guidelines are the basis for interior control frameworks, where honesty is the essential rule. Business morals show qualities of worthy business direct, while morals in interior control frameworks guarantees that these principles are conveyed, executed, strengthened, and observed. While thinking about the accompanyi ng agenda for assessing inner controls, three periods of the control assessment are additionally applied. The three stages are getting, evaluation, and testing. I. Morals and GovernanceYESNOComments Are the moral measures exemplified by the leading body of directors?Are moral gauges audited with new representatives either in direction or by flyer? Are the moral gauges woven into worker assessments? Are handbooks accommodated continuous survey of moral principles? Is there a procedure set up to audit and right awful moral calls? Are moral measures woven into business norms? Are deceitful endeavors in announcing conveyed as painful to workers and the board? Electronic Data Processing Electronic information handling ensures against ill-advised human mediation with PC preparing and different exchanges in a given organization.Computer programs help forestall access to certain data across offices and jobs. Inside the periods of the control assessment the reviewer would need to guarantee t hat every client totally comprehends his job and to secure the protection of data given access. Continuous evaluation ought to be stood to enable every division to head better oversee client access and testing to guarantee consistence. II. Electronic Data ProcessingYESNOComments Are arrangements set up to incorporate reference check, security, and end of worker security measures?Are the obligations inside the information handling framework sufficiently isolated per job? (for example, specialized help, programming designer, ect. ) Is the Electronic Data Processing framework discrete and free from the working and bookkeeping offices? Is the Electronic Data Processing framework with the end goal that it keeps copy reports from being acquainted with the framework? Are there sufficient controls forestalling changes to ace records? Are there satisfactory powers over information passage to incorporate management, current directions, key confirmation of significant fields and self check dig its?Financial Reporting One of the three particular destinations of interior control is to meet the duty of guaranteeing that budget summaries are solid. The term solid includes the arrangement of fiscal summaries that are decently introduced in similarity with material budgetary revealing system utilized by the board. The arrangement of money related authority over monetary detailing subsequently incorporates the structure and usage of approaches and systems fundamental by directors to give sensible affirmation that the ompany’s proclamations are introduced as per the premise of bookkeeping. Assessment of money related revealing inside interior control framework should put accentuation on testing and evaluation. The accompanying agenda tends to some key zones of testing and appraisal of inner control of monetary announcing. III. Monetary ReportingYESNOComments Is the announcement of money related position arranged month to month and assessed by the board and the fund council ? Are the duties regarding the last audit and endorsement of money related reports isolated from those for the arrangement of reports?Are month to month, semi-month to month and yearly reports arranged contrasting salary and costs and affirmed spending plan and surveyed by the administration and the account board of trustees? Did the organization utilize a roast of records? Are the errands for keeping up the general record reasonably isolated from those for the authority of benefits? Is there a composed bookkeeping approach and procedural manuals dispersed to proper work force? Agendas essentially administration as an apparatus that the two directors and evaluators can use to survey a particular offices inward control and for continuous purposes also.Checklists ought to be both drafted and appraisals finished by the executives who are responsible for the business forms. While finishing the agenda, straightforward yes or no reactions demonstrate a solid or frail inward control framew ork where extra notes for development are watched. Various inquiries are expected to make the best possible appraisal of a control framework. Taking everything into account, inside control agendas are incorporated with control assessments to give the best data about the usefulness of a framework where changes or alterations can be made.

Seeple Snapshot Oscar Pocasangre, MPA COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Seeple Snapshot Oscar Pocasangre, MPA COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Oscar Pocasangre Master of Public Administration (MPA) Concentration: Economic and Political Development (EPD) Specialization: Advanced Policy and Economic Analysis (APEA) Oscar speaking at a panel on emerging markets at the OECD as a representative for SIPA’s Center on Economic and Global Governance (CGEG) What did you do before SIPA? Prior to SIPA, I worked for two years at the MIT Poverty Action Lab (J-PAL) as a policy and training analyst in their Chile office. I focused on creating courses on randomized trials for policymakers and also worked with governments and NGOs throughout the region in promoting the use of good evidence when crafting public policies. I was also able to write up various policy publications, including a book chapter on conditional cash transfers. What has been the best part of your SIPA experience? There have been many highlights! Academically, I think the highlight has been taking a class with Andrés Velasco, a former finance minister of Chile and former presidential candidate during the Chilean primaries in 2013. He was very accessible as a professor and he was able to combine rigorous theories from political economy and game theory with his personal experience in politics to explore issues that policymakers face in practice. Another highlight was being able to represent SIPA at two conferences in Paris sponsored by the Center on Global Economic Governance. There were many distinguished speakers at the conferences, including Nobel laureate Joseph Stiglitz, the Minister of Finance of France, representatives from the UN and the OECD, among many others. It was a great opportunity to hear what these experts think about the worlds current problems and how to solve them. What kind of work do you hope to do when you graduate? I want to be a university professor and do research on the political economy of development, governance, and ways of using experimental methods to answer questions of political science. So, thats a cool way of saying that I hope to stay in school after I graduate. Can you describe the nature of the SIPA curriculum? The SIPA curriculum is flexible enough that you can choose to focus on the areas that interest you the most and approach these areas from both theoretical and practical perspectives. SIPA does tend to emphasize practical experience. One of the big values and strengths of the SIPA curriculum is that it requires students to take a series of economics and statistics courses, which I think, are vital for anyone involved in policymaking. Do you feel like you have gotten to know some of the faculty members? Yes! This has been one of the other highlights of my time at SIPA. I find that professors here are very accessible and willing to help and offer advice. Many students dont take much advantage of the office hours of the faculty, but these are great opportunities to get to know professors. Ive been able to work closely with one faculty member on a research project. As an aspiring academic, this has been an incredible experience and opportunity.

How to Write a Chemistry Lab Report

Chemistry lab report Lab reports are one of the most important part of scientific study while gaining knowledge at schools or in the university. For any chemistry lab report you are writing, you will need to write down the entire procedure of the experiment and everything you observed during it, as well as any interesting facts took place in the lab activity. Any lab report should allow the person reading and using it to be able to reproduce the exact procedure following step by step of what you performed and achieve the same result you did. This chemistry lab report guide will provide you with advice of how to write a simple proper lab report for a school, college or university level General which you may adjust to your specific needs: from organic chemistry lab report to formal lab report in chemistry you are asked to write. Getting started with some useful information you might need. Check the lab manual. When given a task to write a lab report you need to be informed with instructions given to you by your teacher or professor. Make sure you know and understand exactly what you are doing, why the sequence is as described and what you are going to achieve. If you have questions, ask your supervisor or instructor and get them answered. Create the title page. In the top right corner of the page, you will want to include your surname, your school and class information, the date of report submission followed by your team members names if they assisted you in experiment. These points should be written on a separate line, one after another. The next part is the title of the report placed in the middle of the page. Starting from here, the points such as the class title, the name of the experiment, and the content of the parts within the experiment you performed should be placed in the middle and listed on separate lines. Depending on the college guidelines, you might be needed to include the semester there, however in most of the cases it is optional. Apart from points above, nothing more will be included on the title page. Write an introduction. Start with word â€Å"Introduction†. This is to be clearly stated in the first part of the lab report. The purpose of the introduction is to introduce the lab to the reader. Thus, writing a short paragraph (no more than five sentences) is important here. What next is to be included? -The methods you used in the experiment and the goal of the experiment you were to achieve. The last but not least, any equations, values and numbers, or terms and conditions which are obligatory for completion your lab report should be defined in the introduction part as well. Write a body of the lab report. After Introduction part is written, the next part of your lab report is writing the body of it where the data of experiment is the main focus. Add a clear heading for the reader, so he is informed you are going to start presenting him the numbers and math-part so to say. The data, placed in the body section, should include all values, proportions, calculations, tables, schemes and/or graphs that are necessary for the lab. You will need to get advice from your teaches or supervisor on the amount of data to be included here as well as if there is specific requirement for the type of data to be included. All values should include description of measures used (units). In addition the report should consist of formulas for all calculation, examples of formulas used in your calculations. Tables and graphs you used in the lab report should include labels, titles and description of what is on it. Write the conclusion. The last part of the lab is writing the conclusion for it. The lab conclusion should include the result of the experiment and its main goal stated in the introduction previously. To summarize the outcomes of the experiment you want to add some significant values that were obtained, followed by percent errors correlated with the values, any deviations took place in the experiment. It is a good practice to analyze the results of your experiment comparing them with the main scientific concepts you were trying to prove or challenge. Such example will show that you understand purpose of the experiment and the underlying scientific background behind it. After completion of this, your lab report is complete! Chemistry lab report format Many students search for formal lab report example chemistry, chemistry lab report cover page in the internet. Thus it is very important to know the style and formatting aspects of the reports. Know the format. Laboratory reports are required to have a particular writing style. Unlike creative essays for humanities classes, a report for chemistry is not supposed to have your own personal stamp on it – it has to comply with formatting and style guidlines. The essential writing elements of the lab report are: Write in complete sentences with â€Å"closing ending†. Use passive voice while writing â€Å"Water was added† rather than â€Å"I added water.† Say from the third person â€Å"Scientists claim X† rather than â€Å"I discovered that scientists claim X.† Revise and watch the verb tenses you use. Most of your report should have present tense verbs, unless you are explaining what you did in the experiment, or what has been written by other people in the past about it. For example, â€Å"One problem in conducting this experiment is Y† rather than â€Å"One problem in conducting this experiment was/will be Y.† Choose readable font such as Times New Roman, Arial, or Cambria. Font size is of personal preference but 11 to 14 is reasonable to use. Many students pay a great deal of attention to the lab work itself (which is a good thing), but then neglect the lab report which costs them a bunch of points! Writing a lab report is something which is really important and sometimes – not very simple to do. If you don’t know how to write a lab report or need some pre-check before you send for approval– you will need a qualified assistant to help. Consider it while chasing for the high grades!

Apple Of My Eye - Original Writing Essay - 1178 Words

Apple of My Eye I met Amanda during my first day of my high school, and she caught my attention. She has twinkling eyes and her long black hair lies back in curls from her delicate ears. An idea came out of my brain that: I want to make friend with her. And then, naturally, we became best friends. In the rest of our high school life, we spent a long time accompanying with each other and shared our experience, our memories, and our lives no matter it was good or not. According to our conversation, we found that we have the same hobby, same belief and dream, and same living attitude. All of these linked us closer and finally everyone envied our friendship. She is really important to me because Amanda influences me a lot, not only for my study but also for my characters and lifestyle. It was an ordinary afternoon; our teacher gave our feedbacks of our exam. I did really bad that time. Amanda saw that I was frustrated with my scores and comforted me. Then she asked me to mark which questions are difficult for me and which questions are simple but I did them wrong. After that, she taught me how to do those confused questions. If there were some simple algorithms, she would teach me without any reservation as well. â€Å"Sebrina, see these questions! They are similar to the questions you did wrong. You have to do it first, and I will correct them for you. Well, we can hang out if you did all those questions right, hurry up!†, always encouraged by Amanda. And before the exams, AmandaShow MoreRelatedAspects of Virtual Communication1284 Words   |  5 Pagesthat I did not believe was actually real happened just last week. A bright light was shined in my face, causing me to see an afterimage. An afterimage is an optical illusion that refers to an image continuin g to appear in ones vision after the exposure to the original image has ceased. 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The number of leaves past, ad both directions of turns produce 3 consecutive Fibonacci numbers. For example, in the top plant on this transparency, there are 3 clockwise rotations before there is a leaf directly above the first leaf, passing 5 leaves

The Role of Women in the 1920s and F. Scott Fitzgerald’s...

The Roaring Twenties: a time when women broke out of their shells of modesty and were not afraid to bare a little skin or wear a bit of makeup; when women finally gained some control; when jazz music, drinking and partying were what society lived for; when flappers danced the night away. The 1920s was an era of great change in society’s attitude toward many different aspects of life. For instance, what was considered acceptable behavior for women and the way men treated their wives drastically changed. During World War I, women had to take up many responsibilities of the men fighting in war such as earning money for the family, leaving women no choice other than to get a job alongside of single-handedly raising their families. With men†¦show more content†¦Women cut their hair short to show their equality to men and wore short dresses to express their freedom. Along with their new looks, women began to go to large, wild parties. ‘â€Å"..he gives large pa rties†¦And I like large parties. They’re so intimate. At small parties there isn’t any privacy.†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Fitzgerald, 49, 50). At this part of The Great Gatsby, Jordan is expressing her preferences about parties, thus explaining the fact that women attend parties. In the novel, Jordan is seen as one of the most independent women who did what she wanted. She is the more notable female character who acts like a flapper. Women also gained the sensibility to become more independent from their husbands. They were breaking free of the restrictions given to them by men and were beginning to take charge of their lives. Women finally gained rights and powers they have been waiting for, such as the right for women to vote as well as powers over men. Women were going out and shopping more than usual. If there was some extra money, they would spend the day time shopping, while they partied at night. â€Å"†¦people had a little extra money to spend and more leisure time than ever before, as technology and industry gave them automobiles and household appliances†¦Popular womens magazines featured articles on how a woman could raise her family and still have time for herself.† N Selim 4 (Baker 5). Though still taking care of their families, women were making more time for themselves. TheyShow MoreRelated F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby Essay1211 Words   |  5 PagesF. Scott Fitzgerald’s Portrayal of the Twenties F. Scott Fitzgerald was accurate in his portrayal of the aristocratic flamboyancy and indifference of the 1920s. In his novel, The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald explores many aspects of indifference and flamboyancy. A large influence on this society was the pursuit of the American Dream. Gangsters played a heavily influential role in the new money aristocracy of the 1920s. The indifference was mainly due to the advent of Prohibition in 1920. One majorRead MoreInfluences on F. Scott Fitzgeralds writing in The Great Gatsby1658 Words   |  7 Pagesgood for most. In The Great Gatsby, published in 1925, F. Scott Fitzgerald writes about the fictitious life of Jay Gatsby, a self-made millionaire (Gross 1). The setting of the novel is New York in the twenties, a time, and place, where people were jovial and carefree. In New York, more than anywhere, people did not worry about lifes downs, but focused on the highlife and partying. Prohibition made partying difficult, but it prevailed nonetheless . In the novel, Fitzgeralds description of humansRead MoreThe American Dream in The Great Gatsby and This Side of Paradise1382 Words   |  6 PagesFrances Scott Fitzgerald was born on September 24th, 1896 in St. Paul Minnesota and died of a heart attack in an apartment in Hollywood on December 21st, 1940. Throughout his career, Fitzgerald wrote many works, traveled the world, and served in the United States Army. F. Scott Fitzgerald wrote mostly short stories but became famous because of his novel This Side of Paradise and became even more famous because of The Great Gatsby which was released in 1925. The time period in which Fitzgerald livedRead MoreThe Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald and Jazz by Toni Morrison 647 Words   |  3 Pages Fiction novels not only play a key role in the entertainment of an audience but also the influence they leave on them. However, in order to influence the audience, the novel must also be very historically accurate. The combination of influence and historical accuracy can create a new subcategory of â€Å"historical fiction†. Two exceptional novels by distinguished authors have managed to start this new concept of â€Å"historical fiction†. The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald and Jazz by Toni MorrisonRead MoreF.Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby Essay967 Words   |  4 Pageswere three things that were important to anyone looking to be anyone in East New York’s high society in the Roaring 20s. F. Scott Fitzgerald captured all three with his literary voice. He made impressions everywhere with the supreme achievement of his third novel, The Great Gatsby. This novel is a tale of people’s exciting lives in the 1920’s. Fitzgerald uses the Great Gatsby to illustrate the American identity during the early twentieth century. Fitzgerald uses symbolism and narrative techniquesRead MoreThe Tale of a Society Through Fitzgerald Essay1258 Words   |  6 Pagesthings that were important to anyon e looking to be a part of the exclusive high society of East New York in the Roaring 20’s. F. Scott Fitzgerald captured all three with his literary voice. He made impressions everywhere with the supreme achievement of his third novel, The Great Gatsby. This novel is a tale of people’s sensational lives in the 1920’s. Fitzgerald uses The Great Gatsby to exemplify the American identity during the early twentieth century. Fitzgerald uses symbolism and other narrative techniquesRead MoreF. Scott Fitzgerald s The Jazz Age950 Words   |  4 PagesThe Jazz Age in Gatsby Born in 1896 F. Scott Fitzgerald became one of the greatest American writers of all time. Throughout his life, he lived in different parts of the United States and France. Fitzgerald wrote countless short stories and some screenplays. He most enjoyed writing novels. The short stories were just to keep him afloat while he wrote these novels. The most famous of all of his pieces is The Great Gatsby. It takes place during a time Fitzgerald called the â€Å"Jazz Age† but it is alsoRead More An Era Understood Through Fitzgerald’s Characters Essay1971 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"Gatsby believed in the green light, the orgastic future that year by year recedes before us.†¦ Tomorrow we will run faster, stretch out our arms farther.†¦ And one fine morning—† (Fitzgerald 180). In this quote from The Great Gatsby, Nick attempts to describe the nature of Gatsby’s hope and draws the parallel to all of our hopes and dreams that we have as Americans. F. Scott Fitzgerald, an American novelist and short-story writer, was an amazing author who used his work, just like in the quote aboveRead MoreEssay on The Great Gatsby Research Report1248 Words   |  5 PagesI. Introduction In 1896 F. Scott Fitzgerald was born in St. Paul, Minnesota. After growing up in Minnesota he moved to start a career and marry Zelda, the girl he loved. He published his first novel, This Side of Paradise, in 1920; the novel was a success and Fitzgerald quickly became one of the most famous young writers of the time. â€Å"F. Scott Fitzgerald eagerly embraced his newly minted celebrity status and embarked on an extravagant lifestyle that earned him a reputation as a playboy andRead More Great Gatsby by Scott Fitzgerald Essay1122 Words   |  5 Pages Great Gatsby by Scott Fitzgerald The 1920s is the decade in American history known as the â€Å"roaring twenties.† Scott Fitzgerald’s novel The Great Gatsby is a reflection of life in the 1920s. Booming parties, prominence, fresh fashion trends, and the excess of alcohol are all aspects of life in the â€Å"roaring twenties.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The booming parties in Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby reflect life in America during the 1920s. Gatsby displays his prominent fortune by throwing grand parties. From

Global Warming Climate Change - 1592 Words

In the past century, human activities, including burning fossil fuels and agriculture have caused the release of greenhouse gasses like carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere. Increasing greenhouse gasses as a significant cause of global warming induce global temperatures to increase and affect the Earths climate. Nowadays, Global Warming is a hot topic and one of the critical environmental issues facing the world. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) definition for climate change is: â€Å"Climate change in IPCC usage refers to a change in the state of the climate that can be identified (e.g. using statistical tests) by changes in the mean and/or the variability of its properties, and that persists for an extended period,†¦show more content†¦Global warming has wide-ranging effects on many aspects of human life and brought severe environmental problems, for instance, sea level rising and coastal flooding, changing rainfall distribution, alteration of oceanic and atmospheric circulation, and increasing the occurrence of powerful weather events such as floods, hurricanes, heat waves, and tornadoes. Sea level rising (SLR) is the most dangerous consequence of human-induced global warming. Global sea level changes arise from the mass addition of ocean water, as well as melting of glaciers, polar ice and snow into the oceans because of increasing global temperature. Sea level rising is a local and global phenomenon which is happening in many places [1]. IPCC reports point out SLR rates during 1901-1990, and 1993-2010 are 1.5 (1.3 to 1.7) mm/year and 3.2 (2.8 to 3.6) mm/year, respectively [? ]. There is a wide range of sea-level projections to 2100. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates that sea level rising will be 0.15 meters with 95 percent confidence [4]. Additionally, the IPCC FAR predicts sea level rise 0.26-0.97 meters by 2100; figure1.1 designates projections of global mean sea level changes[2]. Accelerated sea level rise has been recognized as a key threat to the coastal zones, including coastal lagoons, estuaries, wetlands, and shorelines. Reports state that rising sea level reshapes shorelines by coastal erosion, transgression and inundation

Women Who Use Drugs Are Caught Up Within A Cycle Of Prison...

Women who use drugs tend to be caught up in a cycle of prison and reoffending. The article written by Margaret Pereira is her personal account of the damaging effect that incarceration can have on a woman and her family. Pereira posits that something should be done to curb the cyclical nature of drug use and incarceration. She notes that since the advent of the war on drugs the amount of offenses created by arresting drug users has increased the workload of officers significantly, rather than reduce their workloads. She felt the criminal justice system was biased against her because she was not a â€Å"good mother† and that the judge only took her child into account in order to punish her. In the end, she was a twenty eight year old mother, addicted to heroin, and convicted of smuggling one kilo of cannabis resin who’s â€Å"sentence was 10 years with a non-parole period of 6 years.† (Pereira, 2002, p. 154) She viewed the punishment as more severe than was necessary, proposing that the judge also punished her for being an unfit mother. Pereira states that â€Å"around 85% of the Australian prison population serves time for drug related activities.† (Pereira, 2002, p. 154) That is a rather high rate of incidence in the prison population, which is directly impacted due to the War on Drugs. She also states that â€Å"for many women the effects of prison tend to be more negative than for men because women often have more to lose by going to prison.† (Pereira, 2002, p. 154) She furtherShow MoreRelatedThe Needs Of Incarcerated Women Face When Serving Time2723 Words   |  11 Pages Incarcerated Women Christopher W. Fischer Women in Criminal Justice November 25, 2014 Fall Semester Professor Spelchen The research topic will focus on the needs that incarcerated women face when serving time. Prison or jail life can be difficult for people of all ages, genders and races. It is a place where offenders go to serve hard time because of the crimes they have committed. While prisons and jails have come a long ways in regards to treatment and facilities

Police Force Abusing Their Power Free Essays

I am interested in law enforcement. Police officers is one of the three most important components of the criminal justice system of the United States. There are three different types of police officers they are Federal, State, county. We will write a custom essay sample on Police Force Abusing Their Power or any similar topic only for you Order Now The basics to become a Police officer is you have to be 21 of age and have no felonies. Another basic is you have to go through training which is called BLET, basic law enforcement Training. In 1626, the New york City Sheriffs office was founded. I chose this topic because police officer are an very important to the society. They are important to save our lives like troops are saving us everyday. is my advisor. My product will be challenging and a learning experience. It is a challenge because police officers issued equipment is not easy to obtain as a civilian. I’m looking for a man/woman who is a police officer or has been through Basic Law Enforcement Training. I understand that plagiarism, which is representing the ideas of others as many own without giving proper credit, is an unethical and illegal practice which can result in serious academic and/or legal consequences. It is for this reason that avoiding plagiarism, whether during Senior Project, or at any other time, is of great importance to me as a student. Being a student, by its very nature, means developing and practicing high ethical standards and that means avoiding plagiarism. Therefore being aware of plagiarism and academic integrity will be benefit me both now, during the work of this project, and later on during any post-secondary learning I may How to cite Police Force Abusing Their Power, Papers

Turner Manage Innovation And Continuous Improvement Sample Solution

Question: Prepare a report which addresses the current issues within Turner's Toy Warehouse and to create a clear system whereby innovation and continuous improvement will become a standard part of business practic? Answer: Introduction Turners Toy Warehouse is a toy distribution company operates in Melbourne and distributes the toys to the retailers in Victoria. It has been seen from the analysis that the company has potential to improve its sales and condition in the warehouse by enhancing the performance of its employees and changing the strategies that are followed by the company to earn more profit and gain more market share (Hastings, 2008). Improvement of current process Current Process Suggested improvements Packing and distribution By introducing new methods and technologies to speed up the process. Employee Absenteeism Cross skilling and employee training Establish Performance measures Area Current performance Performance target to achieve 10% productivity improvement Time 80 minutes Reducing average time for order processing by 8mins Cost $200 Reducing average cost by $20 Quality 5% Reducing quality errors by 0.5% Production 50 Increase the average quantity of orders from 50 to 55. Changing trends relevant to the company Trend Effect on turners Toy Warehouse 10% increase in production Will decrease the time between the order and supply Increase in performance Increase the productivity Performance strategies The performance strategies are as follows: Training the employees to work in different field with more efficiency and enhanced performance. Introducing new technologies for fast packing and distribution of the products. Reducing the stages in performance for reducing the time and cost of production and distribution. Communication plan Stakeholders Means of communication Purpose of communication Time and Location Person accountable Suppliers E-mail To increase stock of raw materials Working hours Sales Manager Customers E-mail Clearing stock of finished goods Working hours Purchase Manager Employees E-mail/ meetings Training them and getting their feedback Working hours in the Warehouse Manager/ supervisor Employers E-mail/ meetings Getting their feedbacks Working hours in the office Manager Management team E-mail/ meetings Getting their feedbacks Working hours in the office Manager System to manage ideas and staff rewards Idea management system will help Tina to get feedback from his employees and workers in the organization or people related with the organization (Murray, 2013). This system is online software that helps to make the communication between the employees and the management easier and helps the managers to control the working of the organization easily and efficiently. This system will help Tina to know the loop holes in the organization and will help her to improve the problems and exclude the risk involved in the daily operation of the organization. Environmental management system It is important to see that the working of the organization does not affect the environment adversely. The organization must take care of the environmental issue while planning any operation of an organization. For this it requires an environmental management system that takes care of the environmental issues that are related with the working of the organization. This helps the organization to maintain its environmental ethics and legal boundary regarding the environment. Implement and evaluating transition plans The transitional plan is as follows: To increase production to increase sales by 10%. This goal can be achieved by enhancing the performance of the employees and changing some technical methods of working in the organization. The management needs to communicate the new plans with the employees and other members related with the organization to get their feedback to make more necessary changes as per the feedback of the people. Implementing the new strategies and plans to achieve the new goal of the organization. Keeping a strict monitoring on the process of the plan by checking the working and performance of the organization on a regular basis (Quay, 2003). This helps to evaluate the transitional plans implemented by the organization to meet up the new targets and achieve its goal. Evaluate the continuous improvement process The company will earn more profit by increasing the turnover. The productivity of the company will increase and the time period between the order and the delivery will reduce that will lead to increased customer satisfaction. The continuous improvement process will enhance the individual performance in the organization that will further enhance the performance of the organization. Risk assessment Risk Likelihood Impact Mitigation measures Failure of the training session H L Proper training session must be done and employees feedback must be taken on the training sessions Failure to use the new technologies M M Proper training can reduce this risk Failure of the plans L H Proper feedback and decision can reduce the risk Communicating cost and benefits of proposed innovation What would you communicate? Why communicate this information? Who would you communicate this information to? Who is responsible for delivering message? Increase purchase of products To increase the stock of goods Suppliers Purchase manager High productivity and available supply To increase the sales Customers Sales manager New strategies and plans To enhance performance of the employees and the organization Employees HR manager References Hastings, H. (2008).Improve your marketing to grow your business. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Wharton School Pub. Murray, L. (2013). Leveraging continuous improvement for cost management, profitability and innovation.CFW Plexus, (AACCI 2013 Annual Meeting). Quay, A. (2003).Manage innovation and continuous improvement. Chatswood, N.S.W.: Software Publications.

Microblogging and Social Bookmarking Services

Microblogging is relatively new social phenomenon of web 2.0 and a variant of blogging that allows instant and short messaging via mobile, in email or on the web (Ehrlich Shami, 2010). Microblogs are short posts intended to update friends and/or interested observers on current affairs (that is interesting content, activities or observations). Some of the service providers for microblogs are Twitter, Jaiku and Pownce (Ehrlich Shami, 2010). The character limit for a Tweet message is 140.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Microblogging and Social Bookmarking Services specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More With the increased desire for transparent governance, politicians (being people’s representatives) are motivated to connect with constituents via Twitter to keep them posted on issues they are working on (Chi Yang, 2010). The politicians use Twitter to sell themselves as brands with the hope of gaining c onstituents (that is grassroots) support. The issues revolve around the individual politician’s manifesto, policies and/or development agenda, inter alia (Chi Yang, 2010). Twitter provides easy and agile microblogging in a fluid network of subscribers for lightweight information updates and back-channeling on opinions, events as well as status. Nevertheless, there is no surety at hand whether the use of Twitter by politicians will enhance their public image or comprehensively deliver their intended information to constituents. Entities with past experiences on a populace opinion on particular topics may add value to a politician’s efforts to penetrate and appeal following (Chi Yang, 2010). Web-enabled social bookmarking services allow students to manage personal bookmarks of web pages of interest, share them with colleagues (within and without classroom) as well as recommend or exchange inferences regarding particular contents. Tags as opposed to traditional file fol ders provide ease to organize bookmarks. Tags enhance search across bookmarked web pages. From a portfolio management perspective, students’ use of internet bookmark services provides opportunity to profile and understand individual or group learning process. Such insights can contribute to students’ critical thinking, communication skills as well as content mastery. Evaluating internet bookmarking activities may augment the overall learning process assessment measures for individual or group students (Newby et al., 2011). â€Å"del.icio.us† is a bookmarking and resource sharing web-enabled service popular because it requires general web skills; while, the user enjoys almost instant benefits with less overhead (Farwell Waters, 2010). During bookmarking, â€Å"del.icio.us† allows an individual to annotate browser-free. â€Å"del.icio.us† self-organizing approach cuts its niche among similar bookmark service systems.Advertising Looking for rese arch paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Both RSS feeds and bookmarks save user’s time. With RSS feeds, the user has more control over the sites to visit as well as the volition to unsubscribe. RSS feeds give latest updates. Through tags, social bookmarking is providing a relatively cost friendly means of getting or sharing volumes of up-to-date information. Liberalized tag structure and deregulated tagging format serve as an attraction as well as a deterrent for potential users. Bookmarking may be abused, especially for sites with a huge following. Individuals seeking immediate general public vote may be easily deceived. Some RSS feeds may fail to display image contents contained in the original website. With RSS feeds, URLs for the specific websites are not revealed during viewing, this may confuse on which specific field is in use. Frequency of visits to a feed by an individual; number of subscri bers to a feed as well as reasons for unsubscribing from feeds may remain immediately unknown to publishers in case they want to enhance or customize feeds to end-user tastes. Feeds are summarized, thus may fail to paint a comprehensive picture or lack specific details. References Chi, F., Yang, N. (2010). Twitter Adoption in Congress: Who Tweets First? Retrieved from https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/23387/1/twitterpolitics_majorrevision_110610.pdf Ehrlich, K., Shami, N. S. (2010). Microblogging Inside and Outside the Workplace. Farwell, T. M., Waters, R. D. (2010). Exploring the Use of Social Bookmarking Technology in Education: An Analysis of Students’ Experiences using a Course-specific Delicious.com Account. MERLOT Journal of Online Learning and Teaching, 6(2), 398-408. Retrieved from http://jolt.merlot.org/vol6no2/waters_0610.pdf Newby, T. J., Stepich, P. A., Lehman, J. D., Russell, J. D., Ottenbreit-Leftwich, A. (2011). Educational Technology for Teaching and Learnin g (4th ed.). Boylston Street, Boston: Pearson Education, Inc.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Microblogging and Social Bookmarking Services specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This research paper on Microblogging and Social Bookmarking Services was written and submitted by user Luciano O. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Essay Sample on Don Quixote A Hero or Not

Essay Sample on Don Quixote A Hero or Not The Webster Dictionary defines a hero as a person that is courageous and performs noble deeds. Many people would argue that Don Quixote falls under the category of being a hero because of the fine line that is drawn with Webster’s definition. Unfortunately, some close examination of the text will show that he really isn’t a hero. Part of Webster’s definition for a hero states that the person must be courageous and takes courageous actions. Don Quixote definitely does take many courageous actions. One of these examples would be when he attacks the windmills. This is definitely a courageous act. He could have easily been hurt or even killed. Many people would say that this would show his heroics. He also shows his courage when he decides that he wants to fight the lions. Anyone that would want to try and fight a lion most definitely has courage. Luckily for Don Quixote, the lion did not want to fight, but rather wanted to rest. Once again Don Quixote showed his courageous side however. At the end of the story, Don Quixote decides to try and defeat the Knight of the White Moon to show his heroics. He is very courageous for doing this because at his older age, one blow could do very much damage and it does, as we all know. Anyone that would ride a horse and take a chance of getting hit with a lance has som e serious courage. With all these examples of courage, one automatically will think that Don Quixote is a hero. This is not true, however. By calling Don Quixote a hero, many people are just using the first part of Webster’s definition. The whole definition must be fit before we can call Don Quixote a hero. The whole definition reads that one must be courageous and also perform noble deeds. The second part of the definition is very important when it comes to Don Quixote. Many of his deeds are not noble at all. In fact, many of them are the exact opposite. When we look at the same examples as used earlier, it is very clear that Don Quixote’s actions have little nobility in them. The first example was when he attacked the windmills, thinking they were giants. Yes, it is courageous, but there is absolutely no noble deed in this action. It is more of a fine line of stupidity than it is heroism. The next example was when Don Quixote wanted to duke it out with the lion. Once again, he felt he w as being noble to the King by doing so but this was not the case. First of all, the King probably would not have appreciated hearing that one of his lions was slain. Second of all, by requesting that the cage must be opened, Don Quixote was putting many peoples’ lives at risk for no appropriate reason. Finally, his duel with the Knight of the White Moon was not noble either. He had no reason to fight him, and if he would have won, it was for nothing. He didn’t save anyone or anything noble like that. He was flirting with a fine line of stupidity once again. As can be seen, the definition hero does not apply to Don Quixote’s actions. In order for Don Quixote to be a hero, he must fulfill the entire definition of the word instead of just part of it. People should refer to Don Quixote as â€Å"The Adventurer† rather than a hero.

Click Beetles, Family Elateridae

Click Beetles, Family Elateridae Click beetles, as you might suspect, are named for the clicking sound they produce. These entertaining beetles belong to the family Elateridae. Description: Click beetles are usually black or brown, with some species bearing red or yellow markings. Most fall within the 12-30 mm range in length, though a few species can be considerably longer. Theyre easiest to recognize by shape: elongate, parallel-sided, with rounded front and hind ends. A click beetles pronotum has pointed or spiny extensions at the posterior corners, which fit snugly around the elytra. The antennae are almost always serrate in form, though some may be filiform or pectinate. Click beetle larvae are often called wireworms. Theyre slender and long, with shiny, tough segmented bodies. Wireworms can be differentiated from mealworms (darkling beetle larvae) by examining the mouthparts. In the Elateridae, the larval mouthparts face forward. The eyed click beetle, Alaus oculatus, bears two enormous false eyespots on its pronotum, most likely to deter predators. Classification: Kingdom – AnimaliaPhylum – ArthropodaClass – InsectaOrder – ColeopteraFamily - Elateridae Diet: Adult click beetles feed on plants. Most larvae also feed on plants, but they tend to prefer newly planted seeds or plant roots, making them a pest of agricultural crops. Some click beetle larvae inhabit decomposing logs, where they hunt other insects. Life Cycle: Like all beetles, members of the family Elateridae undergo complete metamorphosis with four stages of development: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Females usually deposit eggs in the soil around the base of host plants. Pupation occurs in the soil or under bark, or in some species in rotting wood. Overwintering occurs in the larval and adult stages. Special Adaptations and Defenses: When stranded on its back, a click beetle has an unusual way of righting itself to flee from danger. The juncture between the prothorax and mesothorax is flexible, enabling the click beetle to do a backbend of sorts. This movement allows a special peg, called the prosternal spine, to fit into a catch or hold between the middle pair of legs. Once the peg is secured in the hold, the click beetle suddenly straightens out its body, and the peg slips into a mesosternal groove with a loud click. This motion hurls the beetle into the air at a speed of roughly 8 feet per second! Some species in the tropics have a special light organ which they use to communicate with potential mates. The click beetles light burns much brighter than that of its cousin, the firefly. Range and Distribution: Click beetles live throughout the world, in nearly every terrestrial habitat except for the most extreme montane and arctic environments. Scientists have described over 10,000 species, including almost 1,000 in North America. Sources: Insects: Their Natural History and Diversity, by Stephen A. MarshallBorror and Delongs Introduction to the Study of Insects, 7th Edition, by Charles A. Triplehorn and Norman F. JohnsonFamily Elateridae - Click Beetles, Bugguide.net. Accessed online June 4, 2012.Elateridae, South Dakota State University. Accessed online June 4, 2012.BioKIDS - Kids Inquiry of Diverse Species, Critter Catalog, Elateridae, click beetles. Accessed online June 4, 2012.

Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 31

Management - Essay Example These factors have enable the firm be the best semiconductor chip manufacturer globally. The company currently enjoys a wider market and increased profits. The two factors are of essence in the existence of a business. Intel thus has a number of strengths and these include effective marketing. There is no doubt to the fact that the firm has one of the best marketing teams in the world. The company manufactures information technology devices. It is therefore more likely for the firm’s employees to be technologically savvy. Such a team knows what to do to result in increased publicity for products. Within no time, the products and services of the business are uploaded onto the social networking platforms alongside the other conventional media. The social media offers clients a unique opportunity to stay a head of their competition; the customer literally interacts with possible clients who may develop customer infatuation with products (Alexander 128). Besides the extensive and very elaborate advertisement parameters, the company enjoys a favorable reputation. This factor comes from the fact that it has existed for a very long time and is arguably among the pioneers of modern day computing technology. The high quality of its chips is thus known and highly regarded. Such occurrences make clients develop loyalty with the given products. Customer loyalty as well as interpersonal recommendation is the most effective form of advertisement. With these, the firm enjoys positivity and commands a large customer base globally. Additionally, the firm currently enjoys the increased revenue because of the market segment it targets. It is common knowledge that the market is divided into two; there are those who shop while attaching more importance to the price of the commodity while there are those who attach heir shopping decisions on the quality of the products. Subscribers having a belief in quality will buy any good regardless of its price provided the

Environmental Factors Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Environmental Factors - Case Study Example Cultural, political, economic, technological, and competitive environments differ from nation to nation. Marketing on a global scale requires that Sam' Club representatives make adjustments to existing marketing plans to meet local conditions; understanding the nuances of these environmental factors will prove advantageous. Market research, such as that done by Wal-Mart Sotres, Inc., plays a very large role in addressing these factors and understanding the adjustments that must be made to effectively market on an international level. Social and cultural environmental factors focus on the interactions of groups of people within a nation: characteristics, growth projections, numbers, and interactive behaviors (Bearden, et al., 2003). The economic environmental factor refers to the buying power of potential consumers. Understanding how strong or weak the consumer economy is in a new country will ensure Sam's Club's ability to meet and exceed the customers' expectations and needs. Marketing practices and several ethical concerns can be discovered by researching a nations political system. For example, labor laws vary from one nation to another; advertising laws may be different and various regulations in different nations can affect marketing practices and, occasionally, marketing effectiveness (Bearden et al., 2003). Technological environmental factors involve trends in innovations; these factors can determine how marketing plans are performed or carried out. Finally, the competitive environmental factors entail un derstanding how many organizations currently compete to serve the consumers with similar product lines and services offered by Sam's Club (Bearden, et al., 2003). Cultural differences from nation to nation will sometimes effect the types of products to be offered. Armstrong and Kotler (2005) use McDonald's as an example of using product diversity to market to different nations: McDonald's uses the same basic operating formula in its restaurants around the world but adapts its menu to local tastes. It uses chili sauce instead of ketchup on its hamburgers in Mexico. In Vienna, its restaurants include "McCafes," which offer coffee blended to local tastes, and in Korea, it sells roast pork on a bun with a garlicky soy sauce. In India, where cows are considered sacred, McDonald's serves chicken, fish, vegetable burgers, and the Maharaja Mac- two all-mutton patties, special sauce, lettuce, cheese, pickles, onions on a sesame-seed bun (p. 534). Armstrong and Kotler (2005) have effectively demonstrated how McDonald's was able to address and overcome cultural environmental factors by offering something other than hamburgers to countries and societies that do not eat them. To successfully enter new cultural markets, Sam's Club, along with Wal-Mart Stores Inc., will need to research differences in brand and product expectations, as well as the delivery of these products. Growing technology allows Sam's Club and marketing research teams in Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., to monitor the and identify key environmental factors by tracking marketing trends; for example, demographic research and other data can prove to be invaluable for use as marketing tools. By using technology, such

Price Reaction To Merger And Acquisition Announcements Finance Essay

Price Reaction To Merger And Acquisition Announcements Finance Essay Event study of stock price reaction to merger and acquisition announcement has been concerned by experts since it started being developed. The common method to estimate the price reaction around the event is residual analysis, which means that test whether there are abnormal returns before and after announcement date. Also, residual analysis can be used as a mean to test the market efficiency. In this paper, it concentrates on the study of the effect of merger and acquisition announcement on share prices of target companies and then tests the market efficiency by analyzing the result of abnormal returns before and after announcement date, whether there is inside information influence before announcement date and whether the price reflection public information quickly after the announcement. The paper first will review the literature of development of event studies and methodology used in event studies. Then, it will illustrate the data and methodology of the event study of this paper . Last but not least, it will analysis the effect of announcement on price reaction and market efficiency according to the statistic result. Literature review An event study is a method to estimates the stock price impact of certain corporate events, such events can be dividend announcements, mergers and acquisitions. According to S.P. Kothari and J.B. Warner(2004), event studies that focus on announcement effects for a short-horizon around an event provide evidence relevant for understanding corporate policy decisions. In financial markets, event studies can be used to specify and test economic hypotheses. Besides, event studies also research on evidence of market efficiency focusing on long-horizon tests at least twelve months. The evolution of event studies started from Dolley(1933), who examined stock price reaction to stock splits, plusing several other published papers indicating that by the 1960s, which made their way into leading business economics journals(C.J. Corrado). S.P. Kothari and J.B. Warner(2004 ) reported that the total number of papers reporting event study results is 565 in five leading journals from the year 1974 to 2 000, Journal of Business(JB), Journal of Finance (JF), Journal of Financial Economics (JFE), Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis (JFQA), and the Review of Financial Studies (RFS). The number of papers published per year increased in the 1980s. Among these papers, Fama(1991) paid attention to the relation of event studies to tests of market efficiency and Kothari and Warner(1997) summarized of long-horizon tests. Beyond financial economics, event studies are also researched by experts in related areas, such as accounting literature (Kothari(2001)), law and economics. As a standard method of measuring security price reaction to certain corporate events, the methodology of event studies is also concentrated by experts and developed in parallel with the event studies. Initially from event study methodology being introduced by Fama, Fisher,Jensen and Roll(1969), the basic format of methodology of event studies has not changed over time. The key focus is to measure the sample securities mean and cumulative mean abnormal return around the event(S.P. Kothari and J.B. Warner(2004)). There are two areas of changes that make the methodology more precise and sophisticated, one is the use of daily instead of monthly security return data. According to S.J. Brown and J.B. Warner(1984), as long as methodologies are based on the OLS market model and using standard parametric tests, the characteristics of daily data present few difficulties in the context of event study methodologies. For example, the non-normality of daily returns has no obvious impact on method ologies of event studies. The other is the long-horizon event study methods used to estimate abnormal returns and calibrate their statistic significance, although there are more limits in using long-horizon event study methods compared with short-horizon methods. The basic of methodology is to measure abnormal returns as residual by using some benchmark model of normal return. Specifically, there are a variety of models can be used to measure the normal rate of return, with the addition of certain variables, and then to generate abnormal return estimates. J.J. Binder(1998)reported that abnormal returns have be measured as mean-adjusted returns, market-adjusted returns, deviations from the market model, deviations from the one factor Capital Asset Pricing Model(Sharpe(1964), Lintner(1965), Black(1972)), deviations from a multifactor model like Arbitrage Pricing Theory(Ross(1976)). Stock price reaction to merger and acquisition events There are a large number of literatures representing the impact on the market value of merging firms before and after the merger and acquisition events and numerous studies have examined the impact of merger announcements on the prices of the stocks of the acquirer and target firms(M.F. Leong, B. Ward and C. Gan(1996)). Hawawini and Swary(1990) reported the stock market reaction by examining 130 acquirer banks and 123 target banks during 1980s, they found that targets banks perform better than that of acquirer banks in mergers and the share price of a target bank increased by 11.5 percent during the week of the merger announcement on average. Dodd and Asquith(1980) concluded the evidence that mergers have a favourable effect on the common stocks of the merging companies, besides, they found that acquired firms stockholders earn large positive abnormal returns from the merger and acquisition events and the acquiring firms stockholders are affected little if at all. The same results co mes from Asquith and Kim(1982)s research, which concluded that abnormal returns are positive and statistically in acquired firms significant but are not significantly different from zero. The reason why target companies performed well is established at a condition, which is that investors do not anticipate the event before the announcement period, in another words, the market is at least semi-strong. If not, the returns of the target company around merger announcement date do not reflect the complete economic impact of the event(M.F. Leong, B. Ward and C. Gan(1996)). Leong, Ward and Gan(1996) concluded that if the market doesnt reflect to an event, it can be interpreted as evidence of the irrelevancy of the event instead of an indicator of market efficiency. They also directed that market price reaction following the announcement of the merger can be affected by either the content of the information or how its relation to previous information expectations. Gopalaswamy, Acharya and M alik(2008) reported that there was an upward trend of target companies in India between the year of 2000-2007 in the cumulative average abnormal return few days before the announcement of mergers because of anticipation or leakage of information. Besides, there is sudden downfall in the CAAR for the target companies from the day after the announcement and the average abnormal return is negative and significant after two days of announcements, as a result, they concluded that the India market is semi-strong efficient. Data and methodology To analyse the stock price reaction around merger announcement date, it is necessary to choose the appropriate sample in order to represent the entire trend of the stock market in one country. In this paper, it chose 50 target companies of France that were announced during1/ 2010 to 3/2012. The more the companies are chose, the more the result is closed to normality. The announcement date is identified as the day when the target company first publishes disclosed information about the merger and this was specified as day zero in the event time. In order to be included in the event study, all target companies should be listed in France-continuous market. Besides, the sectors of selected companies are widely spread so that it can avoid the market impact on the specific sectors. According to S.P. Kothari and J.B. Warner(2004), constructing a portfolio of event firms for a number of days around the announcement can address the bias of estimated standard deviation of cumulative abnormal re turn. The information and the data of each company are obtained from the website http://banker.thomsonib.com/ta/. The data of each company are selected 100 days prior to the announcement date and 10 days after announcement date. The data obtained is daily price other than monthly price or else. OLS Market model In order to measure the magnitude of the share price variation around the announcement date, abnormal return should be calculated. According to A. Leemakdej(2009), since an abnormal return is unobserved, it is identified by taking the difference between an actual return and an expected return derived from a financial model. There are a variety of expected return model can be used in event studies to calculated the expected return of stocks. Here, the market model is selected to be used to calculate the expected return of stocks: In order to calculate the expected return of stocks around the announcement date, the event study separates the data of the sample into two sections, namely estimated periods and test periods. Estimated periods are identified as the day 100 before the announcement to the day 15 before the event. While, test periods are identified as ten days before and after the event and the event window is[-10, 10]. Speaking of event window, it is a consideration that the dissemination of company-specific information may extend over more than one day. Because the release of information of a company and the financial express reporting information may not happen simultaneously, it is unsure that whether market participants had information released by companies when they are trading. So, it is necessary to extend the day of event into multiple days(M.F. Leong, B. Ward and C. Gan(1996)). Data during the estimate period is used to estimate the expected return model by representing the return of stocks i n [-100, -15] as expected return. Rmt is the market return calculated by using the SBF120 index of France. The objective of estimate period is to calculate two parameters in the market model alpha and beta in order to estimate the expected return of the stock in event period. and are obtained by an ordinary least-squires regression of E(R) and Rm, which are used to estimate the true value of and . Besides, event period data can investigate the impact from the event and the abnormal return should be calculated in this period in order to get the cumulative abnormal return. The return of stocks can be calculated using the formula: The equation of abnormal return is: The equation of cumulative abnormal return is: The sample has chose 50 target companies, in order to avoid the specific influence of some special companies, it is necessary to calculate the average cumulative abnormal return of each day in test period. The equation of average cumulative abnormal return is: Note that by using a time-series of average excess returns, the test statistic below can take into account cross-sectional dependence in the excess returns of specific securities(S.J. Brown and J.B. Warner(1984)). Hypotheses testing The objective of this event study is to access whether there are any abnormal returns in the test period. So the null hypotheses is there is no abnormal performance while the alternative hypotheses is that abnormal return is not equal to zero. H0: ARi,t = 0 H1:ARi,t à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚   0 The test statistic used sampling distributions and it is a random variable because abnormal returns are measured with error, which comes from two reasons, predictions about securities unconditional expected return are imprecise and individual firms realised returns at test period are affected for reasons unrelated to the event. In order to reduce this error, the estimated standard deviation of cumulative abnormal return is the portfolio of 50 target firms of 10 days before and after the announcement. M. Barakat and R. Terry(2011) concluded that OLS market model is well specified under a variety of condition, for example, non-normality of daily returns has no impact on event study methods. As the deviation of abnormal return is estimated by the sample,so the hypotheses used t-statistic: As there are two variables É‘and ÃŽÂ ²that have been used, the degrees of freedom is (n-2). The significant level is 5%. With the two-tail test, the null hypotheses should be rejected if A test statistic larger than the upper-tail critical value t0.025 provides statistical evidence that the announcement had a significant positive impact on the price. While, a test statistic less than the lower-tail critical value -t0.025 provide evidence that the announcement had a significant negative impact. Furthermore, the hypotheses can also test the market efficiency. If the market is efficient, the share price will reflect all available information and the announcement will cause the abnormal return performance. Empirical result on stock returns The event study chose two event windows to analyse the result from the empirical research. First, when the event window is [-10, 10], the estimated standard deviation of the mean abnormal return is 1.626. Putting the figure into the t-statistic test can obtain the daily critical value used to test the null hypotheses. The table below illustrated the critical values 10 days before and after the announcement. event window average CAR t-statistic -10 -0.34 -0.207671297 -9 0.10 0.061251696 -8 0.07 0.040681124 -7 0.21 0.130356535 -6 0.22 0.135745854 -5 -0.01 -0.003102476 -4 0.17 0.101805486 -3 -0.25 -0.155581646 -2 0.58 0.355347928 -1 0.63 0.386680663 0 2.73 1.679904902 1 3.81 2.342014843 2 3.83 2.356724889 3 3.69 2.266579855 4 3.25 2.000369788 5 2.99 1.838127393 6 2.75 1.694045979 7 2.77 1.70510293 8 3.24 1.991626516 9 3.40 2.093802276 10 2.93 1.800949686 As the significance level is 5% and the degrees of freedom is 48, the critical value of two-tail test is 2.01. According to the table above, the t values in day 1,2,3 and 9 are greater than critical value, which means that the abnormal return are significantly positive in the day 1,2,3 and 9 after the announcement. However, the t-values of the day before the announcement are all less than the t-value, which concludes that there is no abnormal return before announcement. So, it can infer that there is no information of announcement leaking to certain market participants, the stock price does not change and investors can not acquire abnormal returns before announcement date. If there is abnormal return before announcement, according to M.F. Leong, B. Ward and C. Gan(1996), there are two reason can be explained. First, there is insider trading. The information is leaking to some investors who then buy stocks before the announcement, as a result, the stock prices will start to react the inside information and those investors will obtain abnormal returns before the announcement. It can conclude that the market is semi-strong efficient. However, the information may not be leaked, the reason of the increase of stock prices is that public may become suspicious of merger before the announcement. So, it is impossible to monitor directly all trading motivated by the possession of inside information. No matter what happen, it can conclude that the market in France may be not semi-strong efficient because if the inside information is leaked the share prices will reflect the insider information, however, the null hypotheses should be accepted as there is no abnormal returns before the announcement. So, in these condition, the market is strong efficient and prices incorporate all information that any investor can acquire. Therefore, non-public information is not useful for certain investors make abnormal return. On the other hand, the semi-efficient form market can not be rejected. The inside information may not be leaked and investors have no anticipation that the firm they they owned would be acquired by other companies, so they have no incentives to buy a large number of shares before the announcement and the share price would not increase beyond participants expectation. According to the table above, on the announcement date, the realised value is 1.68, although the figure is much larger than that one day before announcement, it still smaller than the critical value. There are two reasons that can explain this condition. First, the market is not efficient because the share prices can not reflect the public information. This may be the result of European sovereign debt crisis, during the crisis, the bond market was influenced heavily in France, even in the stock market, investors had less confident to invest fund to financial market, so even the announcement of merger can not bring them confidence to investment. However, there is also evidence that the market is efficient. According to Mitchell Netter (1990), they reported that corporations may release information one day and the financial press may report this information on the following day, therefore, it is sometimes unclear on which day the information reaches the market. It can happen because m arket participants had the information during the market trading hours on the day is not the information that is released by corporations. So, the share price may not reflect to the announcement because investors did not receive the information if the financial market, or only a minority of investors have confidence to purchase stocks. From the table above, the t-value on day one is greater than the critical value. The null hypothesis is rejected from the first day after the announcement, so the share prices reflect the announcement start from the following day of the announcement until the third day after the announcement. However, there is an abnormal condition that the abnormal return is not equal to zero on the ninth day after the announcement, which can happen for the reason beyond the merger event. In order to clear away the influence this abnormal return, the event window can shrink to five days before and after the announcement date. event window CAR t-statistic -5 -0.01 -0.003182304 -4 0.17 0.104424975 -3 -0.25 -0.159584813 -2 0.58 0.364491149 -1 0.63 0.396630085 0 2.73 1.723129414 1 3.81 2.402275663 2 3.83 2.417364204 3 3.69 2.324899708 4 3.25 2.051839968 5 2.99 1.885423021 The table illustrates the t-value when the event window is [-5, 5]. Similarly, there is no abnormal return before the announcement. Although the t-value on the announcement date is much larger than that before the announcement, the abnormal return is still equal to zero. The share prices begin to reflect the announcement from the following day of the announcement. So, it would thus appear that the market is efficient in France. Conclusion According to the statistic result, there is no abnormal return before announcement, which concluded that no inside information was leaked before announcement date. On the day of announcement, there was still no abnormal return, this can not be explained that the market is not efficient because there may be a gap between the releasing of information and reporting of information. It can be demonstrated that the abnormal return emerged after announcement until the third day. However, this method used to test market efficiency has its weakness generated in its estimation of regression of market model. Nevertheless, the result presented that the market is efficient.

Fly Dubai Essay

Introduction: Dubai is considered one of the most important trading hubs in the Middle East region. Its rapid growth in its major infrastructure elements had attracted many multinational companies across the world to open their regional offices in the city. This had its positive effects on Dubai economical growth as it became a golden gate for regional Middle East businessmen to trade with other international companies. As a result of this, the need for a low cost airline that provides its services for business men within the region had increased. The city experience with the airline industry is not new as it is the home city of Fly Emirates, which is considered one of the best airlines in the region. This industry had its great effect on Dubai economical growth in the past 20 years and will have its strong impact in shaping the emirate future. In March 2008, the second low cost airline was lunched under the name of Flydubai and started its operations in Dubai International Airport Terminal 2 in June 2009. (For more information on Flydubai and its operations, please refer to Appendix 1). We have defined our relevant market for Flydubai as a low cost carrier (LCC) within the product form level. Being positioned as a low cost national airline carrier, it’s facing a high competition from other national airlines which force the relevant market to be within the product form. (For more information on the relevant market please refer to appendix 2). This paper will focus on presenting an environmental scan of the airline industry within the Middle East region during the time frame of 3 years (2009-2012). In order to do so, we will identify the significant trends and their consequent implications on Flydubai relevant market. This report will include an in depth review of the macro, micro analysis and its implications of Flydubai relevant market in the next three years. Body: In identifying the major key trends in the macro environment of Flydubai, we have addressed several issues that include the political, social and economical trends. Flydubai was established by His Highness Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, UAE Prime Minister and Vice-President, and Ruler of Dubai orders in march 2008 and started its operation in its first flight to Lebanon on June 1st 2009.Being fully owned by Dubai government and enjoy the full facilities offered in terminal 2 at Dubai International Airport, the company is having a competitive advantage compared to its rivals in the market as it enjoy the full government support and airport services. Furthermore, the current government trend in the labor force is towards emiratization and protecting labors rights. Being a part of the Fly Emirates Group, the organization will face no problem in emiratization as it will follow Fly Emirates emiratization strategy. The major challenge that Flydubai will face is being able to offer high paid jobs and reduce its operational costs as it is considered a low cost airline company. Living in the current financial crises era, Flydubai was established in one of the most difficult time the country economy had faced in the last 25 years. â€Å"Falling oil prices, cooling real estate and construction markets, together with a slowdown in the tourism sector, especially in Dubai, means the UAE is expected to post low or possibly negative GDP growth in 2009†, according to analysts (Arabian Business, 2009). This information may be considered negative to many airline companies but it may be positive to a low cost airline like Flydubai as people are now focusing more in reducing their expenses as the incomes are reduced. This means their tendency of consumers focusing more on prices is increasing. Furthermore, consumer behavior is changing towards low cost airlines especially in the Middle East region as consumers are persuaded by low prices and a better service offered by low cost airlines. According to a study done by Arabian Business website, it was found that 83 percent of the respondents would switch their preferred airline carrier, for a cheaper price, while 17.6 percent believed they would consider alternatives and trade off between the discount and lost air miles. It can thus be inferred that pricing plays a significant role in consumer behaviour and the decision making process especially in the current economic downturn era (Glass, 2008). According to Dubai department of Tourism and commerce marketing â€Å"3.85 million tourists had visited the emirate in the first half of 2009, a five percent increase on the same period of 2008†. This figure strongly shows the current tourism industry market and how attractive it became even though of the current economical downturn. Other figures expect that the number of tourists will fall compared to 2008 figures but most figures have stated that there will be a positive growth in 2010. This figure shows that Flydubai will see a future growth rates in the coming 3 years as terrorism sector restore its high figures after overcoming the current downturn. As observed by Andrew Cowen, CEO of SAMA Airlines, the market is shifting from the traditional major airlines business travel towards low cost carriers for trips within the GCC. Business travelers are changing their perception of low cost carriers, supported by the current economic downturn and the increase number of foreign businesses within GCC countries entering the UAE. This shows a trend of an increasing demand for low cost carriers in the next three years (High time for low cost carriers, 2008). (For in depth information on the analysis of the macro environment of the airline industry please refer to Appendix 3) In identifying the major key trends in the micro environment the following aspects that includes, Customers, Employees, media, shareholders, competitors and suppliers. Customers who are price conscious are concerned with low cost airlines. Flydubai has focused on pricing strategy and flexibility because these two factors play a big role in determining the customer’s decision process on which airlines they choose to travel with. Moreover, the number of tourist from around the world including the region will grow more than 40% in the next 3 years in Dubai (www.realtyna.com). This shows that there will be increased number of customers who will use Flydubai airlines within the next three years due its successful use of pricing strategy and flexibility. The Employees of Flydubai have good experiences and they were carefully selected from twelve different nationalities. According to Kenneth Gile, chief operating officer of Flydubai said: â€Å"We are extremely pleased with the talent of the pilots we have on board. On average, they each have more than 4,000 hours serving as captain in similar aircraft and a total experience of more than 8,000 flying hours – this is impressive by any standard† (Sambidge, 2009). Flydubai is fully owned by the government of Dubai and its considered as a part of its mother company the Emirates Group. The main strategy that Flydubai is willing to use for their marketing strategy is through word of mouth (buzz). This is because Flydubai is a low cost airline; they tend to set low budgets for their advertisements to keep their prices low. The direct competitors of Flydubai are Air Arabia and Al Jazeerah airlines because these two airlines are also low cost airlines in the same country as Flydubai. However, the major competitor of Flydubai is Air Arabia because, first of all, they are the first to claim about low cost airlines in the Middle East region. Moreover, they hold the highest market share in the relevant market as identified before. Our market share comparing to those two carries are low because Flydubai just recently launched to the market. But, within the next three years we expect rapid growth in the market share because Dubai is a destination for tourists. The major indirect competitor is Fly Emirates which stands as the leader in airline industry in the relevant market and it will keep its performance in the next three years. The second indirect competitor is Etihad Airlines which is growing fast because of the unlimited support from Abu Dhabi government. In addition, those airline carriers make low price offers for the same destination that we have flight lines to. The supplier of Flydubai is Boeing. Flydubai announced an order of 50 next generation 737 aircraft from Boeing. Sheikh Ahmed bin Saeed al Maktoum said: â€Å"The Boeing Next-Generation 737 is ideally suited to our mission to bring some two billion regional inhabitants affordable, efficient and flexible travel options to and from Dubai.†(For more information on the micro environment analysis, please refer to Appendix 4). Implications: Primary demand: Low cost airlines are focusing on customers who are price conscious. The number of customers using the LCC airlines is increasing and it will continue growing in the next three years (www.gulf-daily-news.com). This is because, first of all, the percentage of tourists will increase by 40% within the next three years which shows that the market share of LCC will increase as well. Secondly, because of the economic condition, many people tend to save money and spend it on low cost airlines to travel more to the desired destinations. Users of Low cost airlines contain all different ages and nationalities. Moreover, cost is one of the main factors that affect customer’s ability to buy. The costs of these carriers are low and will continue to remain low in the next three years. This will increase customer’s ability and willingness to buy. Selective demand We can define the consumer decision making process as an extensive problem solving level, where they are introduced to a complete new brand with low brand knowledge. So, Flydubai should infusive more on their brand identity through the media and other communication types in order to enrich consumer’s knowledge. Once Flydubai had increased the level of consumer knowledge, we expect huge increase in market share in the next three years because the decision making process is going to shift from extensive problem solving to routine which is low information search about the company. Therefore, we expect major change within the next three year upon the factors we mentioned above. Segmentation: As for segmentation we expect to see a rise in the population of the UAE in the following 3 years. According to the electronic portal of Gulf News the population of UAE is approaching six million as of now and it is expected to escalate even further by the end of this year. An increase in construction in the coming years requires more labor to be imported from foreign countries, thus increasing the number of potential customers (low income and middle-class lifestyles) who might want to use our services. Moreover, economic boom can also be a factor for businessmen to travel to and from Dubai more frequently. In addition, the number of students travelling to the UAE for education is expected to increase in the near future; this implies that they will most probably select Flydubai as their primary mode of transport to travel to and from the UAE, since the economic condition shows very little signs of improvement in the near future. More tourists are expected to arrive in the UAE within the near future out of which a section of them are extremely price sensitive travelers. Another scenario would be that the current economic downturn continues to effect economies world-wide within the coming three years increasing the number of price-sensitive customers in the eight markets we operate in. To keep up with the projected demand, Flydubai is planning to increase its fleet size from 5 (currently) to 54 aircrafts in the coming years. An increase in fleet size would allow Flydubai not only to accommodate a large number of clients but also expand its reach in terms of destinations. Conversely, the announcement of the new GCC rail network which is the new transportation class in our relevant market is expected to have a slight negative effect on Flydubai’s operations in terms of loosing clients that fall in our target segmentation. The GCC rail network and Flydubai have one common destination which is Qatar. Once the GCC rail network begins its operations there is a high possibility of losing out on our current and potential clients. (For more information on segmentation please refer to appendix 5). Competitor analysis Our major competitive in our relative market is Air Arabia and then Al Jazeera Airlines. Air Arabia is holding major market share because they are the first to claim about launching first low cost airlines in Middle East region. However, Flydubai can compete with those two direct competitors when we focus on our competitive advantage which is price leadership. Also, location is another important factor due the number of travelers that are using Dubai Airport comparing to Sharjah Airport. In addition, being part of the Emirates Group will add more value to Flydubai brand equity which will make it easier to make customers shift toward our company within the next three years. (For more information on competitor analysis, please refer to Appendix 6) Conclusion: In conclusion after analyzing the environmental micro and macro trend for Flydubai, we observed that there are two major changes in our relevant market. First, the increase of the tourism level in Dubai as we expect the current economic downturn era to change its direction towards positive figures in the next three years. Also, the companies’ holders and businessmen attitude towards low cost airlines is changing by using it as these airlines are providing business men services aboard such a business class and wireless internet connection. The number of competitors within the low cost airline industry is going to increase in the coming years as new airlines such as Bahrain Airlines starts its operation this year. Secondly, full service airlines are expanding their market towards low cost airline by introducing low price tickets that attract price sensitive consumers. We expect that within the next ten years a new class level will enter the market in the GCC region which is trains transportation. Also, a new form level will emerge in the relevant market which is a combination between full services and low cost carriers. Finally, within the next three years we expect those changes in the relevant market to be reshaped affecting the primary and selective demand. Bibliography (2009, October 18). Flydubai airline. Retrieved from http://www.dubaifaqs.com/Flydubai.php McKechnie, D, Grant, J, & Katsioloudes, M. (2008). Positions and positioning: strategy simply stated. 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